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ڸоչĽ׶[1,2,3]оͼۡͳѧ硢̬ѧ ѧԼѧȸͬоҪPhys. Rev. Lett.Phys. Rev. EPhysica APNASڿNature ScienceۺڿԼEcology LetterACMרҵڿ2002Rev. Mod. Phys.¡ͳѧ[1] ʷǰصȸ涼дķdz֮ãõ˷dzߵʣѾSISΪͻӰ֮һ[4]һ оķٷչµоµӦķչͿ٣ʹбҪܽһоԴٽо չͬͳѧĸĴӸоIJͬܽᣬڱ֤һĹȵĻͻȣ֮ͬ ϵݴµо⡣

֮ϵ֮IJʳϵ֮ϵ֮ӣҳ֮ij ӣ֮ùϵԼѧ֮ĺϵƷ뱻ϵ绹Ϊı̨ ϵ۵ĴӴϵ۴ȾĴInternetʼϵĴо˼ 봫ڿѧоѧ֮໥ӰȡϻȶԵȽṹ빦ܹϵʳ ۸򲿷̬ϵͳӰ죬ڲͬ۴ȾĿƣڿѧijвͬĿѧ ӰݻӰ졣⣬籾ݻҲһȤ⣬InternetγɱΪ޶ԭģȴչ һЩҪʵĽṹȶԣٱ磬ijһѧڵѧݻƵопܸٽѧ չµķģʽ

ÿһϵͳе綼ʣϵһĶݻƣڶʹķ 乲ԡڶֵķԼͬдڵͬͳȥѡԹṹ Ӱ켰оļʣγɻƣݻͳƹɣϵģʣԼĽṹȶԣ ϵͳǸоݡ

ͳͼ۶оֹԵߡ G = $ \left(\vphantom{V,E}\right.$V, E$ \left.\vphantom{V,E}\right)$Ϊͼ۵ĸָһ㼯 V$ \left(\vphantom{G}\right.$G$ \left.\vphantom{G}\right)$һ߼ E$ \left(\vphantom{G}\right.$G$ \left.\vphantom{G}\right)$ɵһͼ E$ \left(\vphantom{G}\right.$G$ \left.\vphantom{G}\right)$еÿei V$ \left(\vphantom{G}\right.$G$ \left.\vphantom{G}\right)$һԵ $ \left(\vphantom{u,v}\right.$u, v$ \left.\vphantom{u,v}\right)$֮Ӧ ǶΪ N = $ \left\vert\vphantom{V}\right.$V$ \left.\vphantom{V}\right\vert$Ϊ L = $ \left\vert\vphantom{E}\right.$E$ \left.\vphantom{E}\right\vert$ $ \left(\vphantom{u,v}\right.$u, v$ \left.\vphantom{u,v}\right)$ $ \left(\vphantom{v,u}\right.$v, u$ \left.\vphantom{v,u}\right)$ӦͬһߣΪ 磬Ϊ磻 $ \left\vert\vphantom{e_{i}}\right.$ei$ \left.\vphantom{e_{i}}\right\vert$ = 1ΪȨ磬ΪȨ硣ͳѧĽǶһ ˴Լ֮໥õϵͳǰijijϵΪ壨㣩Լ֮໥ãߣγ һϵͼͳѧǴ΢۵۵ожߵĶֵȨֵ΢ļʡ ЧȶԵȺ֮ĹϵǸоĺݡͼ۵оͬͳѧоڴӸʵ ֮ϳһ缸Щһָʵоͨʵϵľչģ͵һ 籾γɻơͳѧģоݻṹȶԷķḻоͳѧ оõ㷺Ӧõԭ򣻶ͼ[5][6]ṩ羲̬Ǹ оĻõ˳ֵķչ

ǰѸ໥ֱӳΪߵϵͳΪ磬WWW[26][66,67] ͳʳΪ羲̬ѹʵݻͳƹɵķΪݻʵоWWWҳʱݻ ɣѹھضʵγɻƵ̽Ϊݻģͣ̽Scale Freeγɣѽϵ ģͣ紫Ⱦ[13]ģ[14]Ķ̬̳ΪϵĶѧʣĸֹʽӦ ΪĽṹȶԣѡԸڴȾеĿá

ǰǰ߼֯ģǶľ̬о״ܽᣬһЩµо󣻽ͬ ģ˻ع˺չд⣻󲿷ֵظݻϵĶѧʵо̽ оĹϵܽĽṹȶоǻĴȾʳ³Եо ҪλÿѧΪһϼо˼·˲Ʒϵ磨PIONо˼·ƻо ƷϵԲվѧϵңṹԣٽоķչһڣ ڽֵ㾭ʹõһЩڴҲοԼӦס


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